American Journals Publishing Center
A Systematic Approach to Adopting Green Blockchain Technology in the Food Supply Chain
Published at Journal of American Academic Research (JAAR)
Christian Tabi Amponsah, Ph.D. & Professor
Yorkville University, Canada
Amit Kohil, PhD. & Professor
University Canada West
Samuel Adams, Ph.D. & Professor
GIMPA, Ghana
Nancy Afjadogo, Ph.D. & Professor
GIMPA, Ghana
Abstract
This paper proposes a systematic framework for adopting Green Blockchain Technology (BLCT) within the Food Supply Chain (FSC). Drawing on a comprehensive review of 175 research papers and semi-structured interviews with industry experts and digital transformation specialists, the study develops a strategic model to guide BLCT implementation. Increasing consumer demand for food quality, safety, and transparency has intensified the need for advanced technological solutions, particularly as traditional traceability systems remain inefficient and prone to security vulnerabilities. BLCT addresses these limitations by enhancing transparency, traceability, and data integrity throughout the supply chain. Through the integration of sensors, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, BLCT optimizes operational efficiency while ensuring autonomous and reliable data capture. The study examines the critical factors influencing BLCT adoption, assesses its associated benefits and challenges, and delineates a structured pathway for its integration into FSC operations. The findings culminate in a strategic framework that details the essential phases, digital tools, and enabling technologies requisite for green blockchain implementation. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates how BLCT contributes to sustainability objectives and operational excellence, offering triple-bottom-line advantages—economic, environmental, and social—for the transformation of global food supply chains.
Impact of Balanced Nutrition and Regular Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functions and Psycho-emotional State
Published at American Journal of Medical Sciences (AJMS)
Barbara Mkhitarian, Health Coach at Liva Healthcare
London, UK
Abstract
The article is dedicated to an integrative biomedical analysis of how balanced nutrition and regular physical exercise modulate cognitive functions and the psycho-emotional state through peripheral–central metabolic coupling. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing prevalence of neurodegenerative and affective disorders that demonstrate limited responsiveness to exclusively pharmacological strategies. Scientific novelty lies in the unified interpretation of muscle–brain, gut–brain, and metabolic–epigenetic pathways as interacting regulatory systems rather than isolated mechanisms. The work describes molecular and physiological processes linking physical load, nutrient availability, neuroinflammation, and synaptic plasticity, with special attention paid to the kynurenine pathway, lactate-mediated signaling, ketone metabolism, and microglial regulation. The article sets itself the goal of identifying mechanistic configurations through which diet and exercise recalibrate neuroplastic potential and emotional stability. To achieve this goal, comparative analysis, structured source synthesis, and mechanistic interpretation of recent experimental and clinical findings were applied. The conclusions demonstrate that cognitive and emotional outcomes emerge from coordinated metabolic signaling rather than single-factor interventions. The article will be useful for researchers and clinicians working in neuroscience, preventive medicine, and lifestyle-based health strategies.
An Integrative Ecosystem of Perinatal Health: Synergy of Physical Activity, Nutritional Support, and Neuropsychophysiological Technologies
Published at American Journal of Health Science (AJHS)
Anastasiia Shapovalova
Prenatal Fitness Instructor and Healthy Nutrition Coach (NASM, USA)
Florida, USA
Abstract
Despite substantial advances in contemporary obstetric care, the global burden of perinatal complications and perinatal mental health disorders (PMHD), including postpartum depression and anxiety, remains high and is estimated to affect up to 20% of women in the postpartum period. Structural deficits in human, organizational, and financial resources, as well as fragmented care pathways, result in fewer than 15% of individuals with clinically significant PMHD receiving timely and adequate treatment. This highlights the need to reconsider existing models of care and to develop integrated, multidisciplinary solutions. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to conceptualize and theoretically substantiate an Integrative Perinatal Health Ecosystem (IPHE) designed to overcome systemic barriers and improve the availability, continuity, and quality of perinatal psychosomatic care. The methodological basis of the study includes a systematic review of peer-reviewed academic sources (Scopus/Web of Science), analysis of current clinical protocols and procedures, and conceptual modeling grounded in the biopsychosocial paradigm and the life-course perspective, which allows perinatal health to be considered within extended biographical trajectories rather than as isolated episodes of care-seeking. Analytical and synthetic generalization yielded a three-component IPHE structure that comprises Physical Activity (PA), Nutritional Support, and Neuropsychophysiological Technologies (NPPT), integrated through a unified digital “Connected” layer that provides end-to-end infrastructure for monitoring, communication, and personalization of interventions. The findings support a pronounced synergistic influence of these components on homeostatic mechanisms of the psychoneuroimmune (PNI) axis, creating prerequisites for comprehensive prevention and correction of PMHD in the perinatal period. Evidence indicates that NPPT, particularly mindfulness-based protocols, are associated with improved metabolic outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), underscoring the potential of non-pharmacological interventions within perinatal management. Standardized PA programs are associated with a reduced risk of adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes, supporting the systematic inclusion of gestation-adapted physical exercise in care pathways for pregnant women. Furthermore, adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet correlates with a lower likelihood of postpartum depression, emphasizing the importance of the nutritional component in PMHD prevention. Taken together, the proposed IPHE model has the potential to reduce systemic barriers through cost-effective digital delivery of services, providing a standardized, continuous, yet personalized format of perinatal care of interest to clinicians, health services researchers, and lifestyle modification specialists.
The Role of Enterprise Architecture in Ensuring the Scalability of Artificial Intelligence Systems **
Published at American Journal of Computer Sciences (AJCS)
Matharoo Sandeep, Director
Quantum Arc Solutions Inc, Canada
Abstract
The article examines the role of enterprise architecture in the scalability of AI architecture and systems with rising demands in data volume, computational power and regulatory compliance requirements. In the context of rapid adoption of AI solutions, only a minority of enterprises succeed in achieving production-grade AI implementations because of the lack of an established architectural foundation to enable the co-evolution of business processes, data and technology. The goal is to provide a theoretical and practical basis for enterprise architecture as a system-forming mechanism that transforms linear resource accretion into governed scaling. To this end, a comparative analysis of architectural standards (TOGAF, Zachman, ArchiMate 3.2) was conducted alongside content analysis of industry reports and corporate cases, revealing a correlation between the maturity of architectural practices and the success of AI expansion. The scientific novelty lies in conceptualizing enterprise architecture as a dynamic, multilayer construct that integrates business strategy, data, applications, and infrastructure into a single managed ecosystem. A model is proposed in which architecture is not a static description but a self-regulating fabric that sustains reproducibility, observability, and regulatory compliance of AI systems. The principal findings confirm that a formalized architecture enables organizations not only to accelerate model deployment and refresh cycles but also to reduce transaction costs, enhance data transparency, and control solution life cycles. It supports the entire DevOps and MLOps pipelines end to end and can be described as an infrastructure for growth that auto-scales, in contrast to auto-scaling compute resources, and can be seen as an enabling function of architectural maturity that enables predictable growth trajectories of the AI ecosystem. The article is useful for digital transformation researchers, enterprise architects, chief information officers, and practitioners who are enabling scalable and sustainable AI solutions.
Reference Architectures for Composable Commerce Based on MACH Principles **
Published at American Journal of Computer Sciences (AJCS)
Oleksandr Moskalenko, Lead Software Engineer
Lennar Corp, USA
Abstract
This article is devoted to the study and systematization of approaches for constructing reference architectures for composable commerce, based on MACH principles (Microservices, API-first, Cloud-native, Headless). The relevance of this work is determined by the ongoing transition within digital commerce from monolithic platforms toward flexible, scalable, and customer-centric solutions. Its novelty lies in the proposition of a multilayer reference architecture that aligns MACH technological components with strategic business objectives, such as increasing conversion rates, ensuring accessibility (WCAG compliance), and optimizing Core Web Vitals. The article delineates the core MACH principles and examines existing scholarly approaches to microservices and headless systems. Particular attention is given to the analysis of practical implementation case studies, which demonstrate the direct impact of architectural decisions on key business metrics. The objective of this work is to develop and substantiate a reference architecture for composable commerce. To achieve this goal, methods of systematic literature review, comparative case-study analysis, and conceptual modeling are employed. In conclusion, the advantages of the proposed architecture are formulated, alongside practical recommendations for its implementation. This article will be useful for chief technology officers, software architects, and leaders of e-commerce projects.
Rolling the Dice: Check the difference between the theory and the practice **
Published at American Journal of Applied Mathematics (AJAM)
Karim Noura, Researcher
Melbourne Polytechnic, Australia
Abstract
This article, titled "Rolling the Dice: Check the difference between the theory and the practice," delves into the persistent and often frustrating gap between mathematical theory as taught in academic settings and its practical application in the real world. The author begins by establishing a historical context, noting that for millennia, humans practiced mathematics instinctively—building structures, trading goods, and measuring land—long before the underlying theories were formalized by figures like the ancient Greeks. Practical necessity, such as the Egyptian "rope stretchers" using 3-4-5 triangles for right angles, often preceded and inspired theoretical developments like the Pythagorean Theorem.
The author argues that this historical disconnect between doing and knowing has paradoxically become a fixture of modern education. Drawing from personal experience, first as a university student in Mathematics Education and later as a secondary school teacher, the narrative highlights a recurring problem: a curriculum reliant on outdated textbooks and abstract theory that fails to answer students' fundamental question, "Why are we learning this?" This lack of context leads to disengagement and a perception of mathematics as an irrelevant academic exercise.
In response to this challenge, the author champions a pedagogical approach that actively bridges the theory-practice divide. The core of the article is a series of inspiring, classroom-tested examples that demonstrate how to make mathematics tangible, engaging, and meaningful. For instance, the author details methods for estimating distances to objects or the height of a tree using principles of similar triangles and trigonometry, connecting abstract formulas to concrete, solvable problems. A particularly effective introductory activity for trigonometry involved students measuring their own shadows and their height to discover the tangent ratio, making an abstract concept a personal discovery.
Furthermore, the article showcases creative teaching strategies, such as turning a lesson on linear equations into a competitive challenge to estimate the distance to the school canteen, motivated by an ice cream reward. This approach, though questioned by colleagues, proved invaluable in sparking student engagement and solidifying learning. Through these compelling examples, the author makes a powerful case that mathematics education must evolve. It should not be merely the transmission of formulas but an immersive experience that empowers students to see and use mathematics as a practical tool in their daily lives, thereby fostering a deeper understanding and lasting appreciation for the subject.
Asset Allocation Models for Unit-Linked Portfolios: Performance, Constraints, and Regulatory Considerations **
Published at American Journal of Economics and Finance (AJEF)
Zharmagambetov Yernar, Researcher
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract
This article examines the architecture of asset allocation models within unit-linked life insurance portfolios, analyzing their relationship with regulatory constraints, client behavior, and insurer capital requirements. The study's relevance stems from the rapid expansion of the unit-linked segment in Europe, its pivotal role in long-term savings, and increasingly stringent supervisory demands for transparency, resilience, and client value. The paper aims to systematically assess the applicability of strategic, tactical, life-cycle, factor-based, and risk-oriented asset allocation models under product, technological, and regulatory constraints. The novelty of this research lies in integrating investment approaches with the practical limitations of unit-linked architecture, thereby shifting the focus from classical risk-return optimization to a multidimensional problem of aligning the interests of policyholders, insurers, and supervisors. The findings demonstrate that a model's effectiveness is determined not only by its statistical characteristics but also by its resilience to mass surrenders, behavioral shifts in client activity, distribution costs, and liquidity requirements. The main conclusions indicate that strategic allocation constitutes the fundamental framework of the product, establishing the long-term risk profile and capital intensity of the funds. In contrast, tactical deviations demonstrate limited ability to improve outcomes once forecasting errors and transaction costs are accounted for. Life-cycle models and risk-oriented schemes exhibit high robustness and consistency with regulatory expectations regarding product transparency and suitability. The critical object of management is not a fixed portfolio but rather a formalized process for designing, testing, and regularly revising the asset allocation model. This article is intended for actuaries, insurance company portfolio managers, researchers, and regulators.
Finite Element Method Applications for Crack-Growth Analysis in Aerospace Structural Materials **
Published at American Journal of Engineering Sciences (AJES)
Khamlak Maryna, Co-Owner and Managing Director
MDK Logistic LLC, United States of America
Abstract
The manuscript surveys computational strategies that employ the finite element method to predict crack initiation paths and fatigue-driven advance in aerospace structural materials. The review consolidates three solver families: extended finite elements, variational phase-field formulations, and interface-oriented approaches such as VCCT and cohesive zones, and compares their driving-force evaluation, calibration demands, and scaling on representative components. Emphasis falls on mesh-objective extraction of ΔK/ΔJ or mode-partitioned ΔG, stabilized update rules for cycle advance, and thermomechanical coupling typical for fairings, tanks, and bonded substructures.
Because crack-growth prediction directly influences aerospace durability, certification, and structural safety, the synthesis highlights how FEM-based methods support industry workflows for metallic skins, composite run-outs, and dissimilar joints. The analysis also aligns with broader industry priorities related to advanced materials reliability, demonstrating how accurate FEM-based fatigue modeling contributes to safer and more efficient U.S. aerospace structures.
Reported pipelines demonstrate convergence to test-level trends when growth laws are identified under matching lay-ups, environments, and R-ratios. The paper systematizes deployment choices for metallic skins with cut-outs, composite stringer run-outs, and dissimilar joints. It outlines verification checkpoints for 3D domain integrals, mixed-mode partitioning, and phase-field length-scale selection. The synthesis supports hierarchical modeling where distinct FEM families handle interface growth, uncertain metallic paths, and branching tuned to aerospace certification needs.
Enhancing Global Competence through Multilingual Education in School Students **
Published at American Journal of Higher Education (AJHE)
Yuliia Kaliuzhna
Abstract
This study considers multilingual education as a critical systemic element capable of significantly influencing the development of school students’ global competence. The purpose of the research is to substantiate and present a conceptual model that illustrates the mechanisms through which multilingual practices impact the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of global competence. The methodological foundation of the study is based on a systems analysis of relevant publications and a review of normative documents from international organizations, including OECD, UNESCO, and the Council of Europe. On this basis, a multilevel model is proposed, demonstrating how the implementation of specific pedagogical approaches—such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and translanguaging—fosters the development of intermediate cognitive and social skills, including cognitive flexibility and empathy, which in turn serve as a foundation for mastering the four core dimensions of global competence. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the presentation of an integrative model that systematizes and operationalizes the relationship between multilingual education and global competence, while also offering a practical framework for designing and evaluating educational programs. The findings are of relevance to specialists in pedagogy, language didactics, and comparative education, as well as to administrators and curriculum developers working in multilingual and international educational contexts.
The Role of the Physical Therapist in the Urgent Orthopedic Care System: An Analysis of Models and Practices **
Published at American Journal of Medical Sciences (AJMS)
Ankita Rana, Researcher
Physical therapist & Board-certified Orthopedic Clinical Specialist
San Jose, USA
Abstract
The article examines the role of the physical therapist within the urgent orthopedic care system. It analyzes contemporary organizational models that demonstrate a pivot from surgical reactivity toward functional prevention of health loss. Due to the increase in the elderly population, urbanization, and high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the global burden of disability, the purpose of this review was to systematically investigate what models exist with physical therapists in the urgent orthopedic care, how efficient they are in their clinical, organizational, and economic perspectives, and what could prevent dissemination across jurisdictions. This was performed using a mixed-methods approach, combining randomized trials, scoping reviews, cohort studies, and regulatory documents to ensure interdisciplinary depth and representativeness. The study’s novelty lies in conceptualizing the physical therapist not as a post-rehabilitation operator but as an autonomous clinical filter in emergency care. In a comparative perspective, early involvement of a movement specialist decreases time to treatment initiation, reduces unnecessary imaging and return visits, alleviates surgeon workload, and lowers clinic expenditures. An architectural typology of integration is proposed, ranging from full autonomy in emergency departments to tele-triage and outreach models, together with a three-component framework for successful implementation: regulatory clarity, educational adaptation, and financial alignment. The article will be helpful for healthcare administrators, specialists in traumatology, orthopedics, and physical therapy, and developers of academic and regulatory health programs.
INFLUENCE OF POLICY INNOVATION ON BUSINESS EDUCATION CURRICULUM IN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA **
Published at American Journal of Business Management (AJBM)
Temitayo Abosede, AKINYELE, Ph.D. Chief Lecturer
Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Ifeloluwa Janet, OYELEYE, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer
Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Abstract
This study examined the influence of policy innovations on the business education curriculum at the Federal College of Education, Abeokuta. Specifically, it investigated the extent to which policy reforms have influenced curriculum content, teaching methods, and delivery, as well as the challenges hindering effective implementation. The descriptive survey design was adopted, with a sample size of 110 respondents drawn through stratified random sampling. A structured questionnaire validated by experts and tested for reliability was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were employed to answer the research questions, while regression analysis tested the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that policy innovations positively influenced curriculum flexibility, content relevance, and the adoption of modern instructional methods. However, the integration of entrepreneurship education was less effective. The study further identified inadequate funding, lack of instructional resources, poor infrastructure, and limited lecturer training as the most pressing challenges affecting policy implementation. Hypothesis testing confirmed that policy innovations had a significant effect on the business education curriculum and its implementation. It was concluded that while policy reforms are important drivers of curriculum improvement, their influence is constrained by structural and institutional barriers. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education should allocate at least 15% of institutional budgets to curriculum innovation, including ICT tools, textbooks, and laboratories and also Colleges of Education should organise annual training workshops to equip lecturers with modern teaching and entrepreneurship skills.
Positioning Organizations for Digital Transformation in the Food Processing Industry**
Published at Journal of American Academic Research (JAAR)
Christian Tabi Amponsah, Ph.D. & Professor
Yorkville University, Canada
Abstract
Organisational culture has long been recognised as a crucial factor influencing various aspects of managing an organisation. Its impact on employee turnover cannot be overstated. By exploring the post-COVID-19 landscape, this paper sheds light on the growing recognition of culture as an essential and fundamental component of organisations, intertwined with employee retention, job satisfaction, leadership, racism, and behavioural patterns. This article further examines the significance of building a compassionate culture with CARE (Cultivating Authentic Relationships with Empathy) in organisations, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era. The article also introduces the CARE Framework, a novel approach that offers potential solutions to the longstanding challenges associated with shaping organisational culture. With its emphasis on cultivating authentic relationships and empathy, the CARE Framework aims to address the persistent conundrum that has perplexed management and leaders for decades. By implementing this framework, organisations can foster a compassionate culture that enhances employee engagement and satisfaction while supporting the growth and development of both individuals and the organisation as a whole. By exploring the importance of culture in the post-COVID-19 landscape and introducing the CARE Framework, this article provides valuable insights and practical strategies for organisations seeking to build a compassionate culture. Fostering a caring culture can lead to a more inclusive, supportive, and thriving organisational environment. The CARE Framework is based on the literature review conducted for this paper and incorporates findings from primary research undertaken in a separate study on emotional intelligence and strategic leadership.
LLM-Assisted Test Automation: A Cognitive Software Testing Framework Using Generative AI **
Published at American Journal of Computer Sciences (AJCS)
Cagri Temel, M.S. & Research Scholar
Hezarfen LLC, USA
Abstract
Modern software testing faces significant challenges in scalability, maintainability, and intelligent defect detection. Traditional automated testing frameworks rely heavily on manually crafted test cases and rule-based validation, which become increasingly inefficient as system complexity grows. This paper presents CogniTest, a cognitive software testing framework that integrates Large Language Models with automated testing pipelines to enhance test case generation, bug classification, and log interpretation. A production-ready implementation was developed using Mistral-7B-Instruct as the core reasoning engine, integrated with pytest for test execution and a microservices-based demonstration application. Experimental results demonstrate an 87.6% improvement in test coverage, 64.3% reduction in manual test creation time, and 89.2% accuracy in automated bug severity classification. The framework generated 742 test cases from natural language requirements, identified 31 previously undetected edge cases, and provided human-readable explanations for 143 system failures. Complete source code and datasets are publicly available.
Ten Bensel Factorial Loss Model (TBFLM)--A Theoretical Framework for Global Electricity Modeling **
Published at American Journal of Computer Sciences (AJCS)
Anna ten Bensel
Abstract
The ten Bensel Factorial Loss Model (TBFLM) is a framework for modeling electricity generation, transmission, and consumption on a global or multi-regional scale. It introduces a factorial loss concept to capture how various conditions (extreme weather, line distance, idle capacity) multiply baseline resistive losses.
This notebook provides:
1. A formal statement of the TBFLM equations.
2. Explanations on each component (generation, transmission, storage, losses).
3. A brief consistency proof showing that the model does not violate energy conservation.
Strategies for Achieving High Accuracy When Handling Large-Scale Data in LLMs **
Published at American Journal of Computer Sciences (AJCS)
Oleksandr Tserkovnyi, Principal Engineer
TrialBase Inc., Punta Cana
Abstract
This article addresses the challenge of achieving high accuracy when operating on large-scale datasets in large language models (LLMs). It proposes an architectural framework that enables the full-context processing of ultra-large text corpora. The relevance of the study stems from the fact that traditional methods, predicated on selective information retrieval, cannot guarantee the completeness and veracity of the context. The objective is to provide theoretical and practical justification for designing systems that maximize factual accuracy through an architecture of full context availability. The scientific novelty lies in formulating a multi-layer framework that adapts the MapReduce paradigm to LLMs and comprises three key components: (1) full-context processing via semantic fragmentation and parallel chunk processing, (2) tool calling to verify model inferences against external sources of truth, and (3) sequential thinking as a mechanism for iterative self-checking and self-correction. The principal findings demonstrate that the proposed architecture yields a significant improvement in the accuracy and reliability of inference, eliminating dependence on probabilistic retrievers and minimizing LLM hallucinations. The article will be helpful to AI researchers, LLM infrastructure developers, data engineers, and practitioners building solutions for high-risk domains where factual precision and interpretability are crucial.
Criminal liability and accountability mechanism for violations against health, media, and humanitarian personnel during armed conflicts.**
Published at American Journal of Law and Practices (AJLP)
NAWAF ALDHAFEERI , Ph.D. & Assistant Professor
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Attacks on hospitals, medical transport, and healthcare personnel during armed conflict have escalated in both frequency and severity, threatening the neutrality of medical missions and undermining international humanitarian law (IHL). Despite a comprehensive legal framework, including the Geneva Conventions, their Additional Protocols, and provisions under international criminal law, recent conflicts in regions such as Gaza, Afghanistan, Ukraine, and Sudan have exposed significant gaps in enforcement and accountability. This paper critically evaluates the existing IHL protections for healthcare infrastructure and personnel, with a focus on the conditions under which these protections may be lost, particularly through misuse or military necessity.
Drawing on doctrinal legal analysis, case law, and empirical data from human rights and monitoring organizations, the study interrogates how legal thresholds, such as proportionality and distinction, are interpreted and applied in practice. Case studies, including those involving attacks on Koševo Hospital, Al-Shifa Hospital, the Kunduz Trauma Centre and Izium Central Hospital, illustrate the inconsistent application of legal standards and the frequent reliance on ambiguous or unverifiable claims of military misuse.
The findings reveal that current legal protections are routinely bypassed due to vague legal definitions, the lack of independent verification mechanisms, and political reluctance to pursue criminal accountability. The paper presents a conceptual framework for assessing lawful versus unlawful attacks on healthcare infrastructure, offering a structured lens for evaluating intent, warnings, military necessity, and proportionality. In doing so, it exposes the erosion of the "protected status" doctrine and the emergence of a culture of impunity.
The paper concludes by urging a reassessment of existing IHL norms and accountability mechanisms, especially in light of the increasing role of non-state actors and hybrid warfare. It further argues for stronger institutional safeguards, including the creation of independent investigatory bodies or special tribunals, to restore the credibility of IHL and uphold the principle of medical neutrality in armed conflict. The study has particular relevance for states such as Saudi Arabia that are committed to IHL compliance and may pl
NOVEL LUBRICATE, KILL & BLEED METHOD**
Published at American Journal of Applied Mathematics (AJAM)
Dieudonne NDONG OVONO, Ph.D
TotalEnergies OneTech, France
Abstract
This paper investigates the application and limitations of the so-called “Lubricate & Bleed” (L&B) method — a volumetric technique widely used to address oil well integrity challenges. In practice, significant discrepancies were observed between the predicted and actual fluid pumping and purging schedules when applying this method in the field. This study examines the scientific principles underpinning the L&B method and proposes a refined predictive framework to improve its accuracy and reliability.
The L&B process involves a sequence of fluid injection (lubrication) and controlled venting (bleeding), with operational steps typically determined using standard procedures found in professional well control manuals. However, field experience has shown that the actual execution of these steps often deviates markedly from the initial plan. In several operations, it was necessary to manually adjust the fluid volumes of specific steps to achieve a successful outcome. These discrepancies between predicted and actual performance motivated a deeper investigation into the method’s theoretical foundations, with the aim of enhancing future operational practices.
To illustrate the core challenge, consider the analogy of a closed bottle containing gas that must be entirely replaced with water — without breaking the bottle or releasing the gas into the atmosphere. Even with a valve allowing connection to external flow control devices, completely displacing the gas is non-trivial due to gas expansion and distribution effects. When this analogy is extended to a wellbore — a vertical closed space extending hundreds or thousands of meters — the challenge becomes even more pronounced.
Nevertheless, displacing the gas with a safe liquid such as water remains achievable through the lubricate and bleed technique. This paper first reviews the conventional L&B methodology described in well control manuals. However, during field applications, the method proved less effective than anticipated due to fundamental limitations in the underlying assumptions and calculations.
Moreover, additional challenges arose when the well exhibited sustained casing pressure (SCP), revealing critical limitations of the standard L&B approach. This prompted the development of a modified strategy — the “Lubricate, Kill & Bleed” (LK&B) method — which not only displaces the gas but also allows for effective well killing operations.
Building on the thermodynamic behavior of real gases, equations of state, echometry, laboratory analysis of gas properties, calculus of variations, partial differential equations, energy conservation laws, heat transfer models, and product series expansions, this study derives an improved predictive model for volumetric well control operations. The proposed framework offers enhanced accuracy in forecasting fluid schedules and provides operational guidance for complex well integrity scenarios involving trapped gas under pressure.
Positive and Negative Benefits of Flaxseed as an Organic Food Source During the Period of Sustainable and Strategic Development **
Published at American Academic Journal of Agriculture (AAJA)
Süleyman Özberk, Ph. D. and Lecturer
Cukurova University, Turkey
Abstract
Flaxseed was cultivated in Babylon in around many centuries ago and many people consider it as one of the most powerful plant foods on the planet (Magee, 2020). When Traced back to history, we can also realize that flaxseed can be used to treat diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke and all kinds of cancer. The application of flaxseed was highlighted by scientists and medical workers for many centuries. However, the valuable effects of flaxseed was always underestimated to a large degree, and even people who are working in the specific field can not cognitively associate the benefits of flaxseed with the treatment of certain disease. Thus, the waste of flaxseed was unnoticed when it comes over-consumption and non-effective consumption. This article will enumerate both the positive side and the negative side of flaxseed which will benefits sustainable development as an organic food source. After a systematic comparison and analysis, the conclusion was drawn naturally with statistic analysis and logic induction as scientific collaboration. *
From Western Culture to Eastern Culture: A Dialogic Perspective on the Holistic Overview of Chinese Culture and American Culture **
Published at Journal of American Academic Research (JAAR)
Wenbin Xue, Ph. D. & Lecturer
China University of Mining & Technology, China
Abstract
Due to globalization, the clear-cut contrast between Chinese culture and American culture was blurred through constant cultural dialogue and interaction. Culture is complex and multidimensional. It is in fact too complex to define a certain culture in simple terms and rough definition. Kroeber and Kluckhohn in 1952 identified over 160 different definitions of culture. One of the earliest widely cited definitions by Tylor in 1887 defines culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by human as a member of society.” With a dialogic perspective, this article investigated the differences and common features between western culture and eastern culture by observing the holistic overview of specific culture in China and in America. The research result confirms our hypothesis. The research also suggested that people in modern era should view distinct culture with more tolerance, appreciation and respect. New culture should be redefined with respect to historical facts, linguistic uniqueness and differences in customs. *